休谟英文介绍

休谟的哲学是近代欧洲哲学史上第一个不可知论的哲学体系。休谟和康德一样，在哲学的发展上起过很重要的作用。下面小编为大家整理的休谟英文介绍，希望对大家有用!

休谟英文介绍

David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.

Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic “science of man” that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behavior, saying famously:“Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions.” A prominent figure in the skeptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. Thus he divides perceptions between strong and lively “impressions” or direct sensations and fainter “ideas,” which are copied from impressions. He developed the position that mental behavior is governed by “custom”; our use of induction, for example, is justified only by our idea of the“constant conjunction” of causes and effects. Without direct impressions of a metaphysical “self,” he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self. Hume advocated a compatibilist theory of free will that proved extremely influential on subsequent moral philosophy. He was also a sentimentalist who held that ethics are based on feelings rather than abstract moral principles. Hume also examined the normative is–ought problem. He held notoriously ambiguous views of Christianity, but famously challenged the argument from design in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779).

Kant credited Hume with waking him up from his “dogmatic slumbers” and Hume has proved extremely influential on subsequent philosophy, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism, William James, philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive philosophy, and other movements and thinkers. The philosopher Jerry Fodor proclaimed Hume’s Treatise “the founding document of cognitive science”. Also famous as a prose stylist, Hume pioneered the essay as a literary genre and engaged with contemporary intellectual luminaries such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith (who acknowledged Hume’s influence on his economics and political philosophy), James Boswell, Joseph Butler, and Thomas Reid.

大卫·休谟，苏格兰哲学家，出生在苏格兰的一个贵族家庭，曾经学过法律，并从事过商业活动。1734年，休谟第一次到法国，在法国他开始研究哲学，并从事著述活动。1763年，休谟又去法国，担任英国驻法国使馆的秘书，代理过公使。1752年至1761年，休谟曾进行过英国史的编撰工作。休谟的主要著作有：《人性论》(1739——1740)、《人类理解研究》(1748)、《道德原则研究》(1752)和《宗教的自然史》(1757)等。与约翰·洛克(John Locke)及乔治·贝克莱(George Berkeley)并称三大英国经验主义者。

他较先是以历史学家的身份成名。他所著的《英格兰史》一书在当时成为英格兰历史学界的基础著作长达60至70年。历史学家们一般将休谟的哲学归类为彻底的怀疑主义，但一些人主张自然主义也是休谟的中心思想之一。研究休谟的学者经常分为那些强调怀疑成分的以及那些强调自然主义成分的人。他首倡近代不可知论，对感觉之外的任何存在持怀疑态度，对外部世界的客观规律性和因果必然性持否定态度。他认为，感性知觉是认识的唯一对象，知觉分印象和观念两类，但认为人们不可能超出知觉去解决知觉的来源问题。否认因果联系的客观性，认为因果联系只是由于印象出现先后而形成的一种观念。在伦理观上，主张功利主义，认为快乐和利益是一致的。他还用其经验论、怀疑论和功利主义伦理学论述了有关上帝观念和宗教问题。