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雅思写作中的论证方法

资料整理:广州英语学校发布时间:2018-03-0240

雅思写作中的论证方法

雅思写作中的论证方法。在雅思大作文的写作当中,部分考生面临的窘境往往不是想不出分论点,而是不会论证自己的观点,不懂得围绕着自己的观点进行清楚地解释说明,而是反反复复,唠唠叨叨,一再的重复陈述自己的观点。下面是小编整理的雅思写作中的论证方法,希望对你有用!

雅思写作中的论证方法一

我们知道英语作文的生产过程,如果需要两大能力,可以简化的看成考核了两个部分,一个是你有没有思路。很多人说话写作是缺乏必要的内容的。第二个是语言表达是否能够到位、准确和丰富。现在在市面上很多的考试中,比如说文章真正有意义,能够出观点的,或者是能够有深度的文章我们能够出一个比较漂亮的写作框架的这种是比较少的。我给大家其中的一样东西是,拿到任何一个话题,一定要学会变成具体的现象,雅思的考试是国际性和非专业性,考官为了保证国际上各个地方的人都能谈出自己的东西,所以和社会上的一些热点紧密相连的。 通过一个思维的转换,把一个单纯的作文题目,把它具体化,具体化之后马上能够出具体的框架。

比如我拿另外一个环节给大家讲一下, 就是谈了观点之后,如何出问句,我们现在说举例子是最常见的方法。有一点要提醒大家,写作和口语都很欢迎具体的例证。中国人我们比较的讲究人证,西方人不能讲究法证,法政就是要尽可能的给一些具体的实例和数据。举例子的过程中,一个请你注意内容的切题,还有一个是注意语言的简洁概括。我们很多的同学例子举的不错,但是语言如果太罗嗦的话,会冲淡色彩。

举例子我给大家说一个比较高级的论证的手法,比如说对比推断。比如说电视机的好处,要形容Radio特色的,我们拿个东西做一个对比,找到一个东西做对比,你就可以承认很容易衬托出一样东西的好处。所以这跟你直接夸电视奖的好和举例子是不同的,对比思路就是写作的时候常用的高级的手段。类似这样的还有细节展开法,例证法和例举数字。我想告诉你们,在考场上写出了三个自然段,你来举例子,应该是论证手法比较的简单。

当然口语要求比较低一些,原来说不是特别强调某种手法,但是从写作来说,我认为你必须要掌握四种以上的论证手法。

雅思写作中的论证方法二

1. 因果论证的连接词。

原因:

l 连词: because; for; since;as

l 动词短语: result from;Be based on; be derived from; stem from; originate from;

l 介词短语: owing to;due to;on account of;

结果:

l 连词: so; therefore; hence; thus;

l 介词: as a result; as a consequence

l 动词: result in; lead to; contribute to;

l 副词: consequently; accordingly

2. 因果论证实例。

实例1—原因展开:

分论点: An advantage of going to school at an early age is that children can develop social skills more quickly.

展开支持句: This is because unlike their brothers or sisters who are usually older or younger, they can learn how to make friends with other children of a similar age.

实例2—结果展开:

分论点: The internet is the key to the knowledge and information available in the world.

展开支持句: Therefore, it is essential that young children learn computer skills with confidence to get access to what they need from the internet.

NB: therefore 表示“因而”,一般出现在句首,且其后多接逗号。这一点同as a result。

对比论证法 (Argument-but-rebut) AR

1. 原理讲解:

argument-but-rebut

立论-反驳-再反驳

主题句:argument 立论

展开句1:but 反驳

展开句2:rebut 再反驳

主题句提出论点;

展开句1反驳主题句;

展开句2反驳展开句1;

展开句2与主题句一致。

与举例论证法和因果论证法相比,对比论证法通过观点的对立与抗辩,彰显主题句的立场,从而增强论点的说服力。此方法特别适用于辩论型题目,亦即单边支持和双边支持。

2. 基本格式:

格式1:

(1) 主题句:......

(2) Some argue that + 展开句1.

替换词:argue = debate, refute, confute

(3) However, it is undeniable that + 展开句2.

替换词:it is undeniable that

= it can hardly be denied that

= it is undoubted that

= it is no doubt that

= it is irrefutable that

= it is irrefragable that

替换句:Some individuals maintain an antagonistic view that + 展开句2.

格式2:

(1) 主题句:......

(2) 展开句1 + 展开句2:

In spite of the fact that + 展开句1, it should be noticed that + 展2.

替换词:in spite of = despite

notice = emphasize = stress = highlight

雅思写作中的论证方法三

添加背景,就是指文章作者(也就是考生)是“在什么样的背景环境下提出的这一论点”,或者说是“讨论这个观点非常重要的原因”,再或者说就是“你是在什么样的社会现实背景下讨论这一观点的”。

在描述背景的同时,也可以加入一些复杂句来提高文章语法方面的得分,比如说比较好用的主语从句有It is true that +句子;同位语从句有The idea is based on the fact that +句子;It lies in the fact that+句子等。

我们首先以一个跟教育相关的论点为例:

论点:Young people should pursue a university degree straight after graduation.

(毕业后青年人应该去读大学。)

那么,为了论证这一观点,我们需要说明为什么青年人必须去读大学,为什么读大学很重要,或者说现在青年人面临着什么样的社会现实让他们必须选择去读大学而不是直接去工作。在中国,年轻人面临的现状就是:工作岗位竞争十分激烈,尤其是在一些商科、IT以及金融类职位方面,竞争尤为激烈,很多情况下都是数百人在争抢一个岗位,可以说是僧多粥少。那么,我们就可以相应的添加如下一个背景来论证“青年人比较好选择去读大学”这一观点。

添加背景:It is true that the competition is quite fierce in the job market and hundreds of graduates are compete for one position. This is especially true for the Business, IT and Finance industry.

添加这样一个背景,立马就会让论点置于一个可信的现实背景下,不仅丰富了文章内容,同时也为文章增添了几分可信度。同理,在其它适合的主题下,考生也可以合理适度的添加背景分析。在此额外举两个例子。

示例1(动物实验):

论点:Animal experimentation is seen as an effective way for scientists to advance medical science.

添加背景:It is true that medicines and other products are routinely tested on animals before they are cleared for human use.

示例2(环境资源):

论点:The over-consumption of natural resources can have an adverse effect on our living standards.

添加背景:The idea is based on the fact that most of the natural resources are non-renewable and finite on our planet. It is difficult for the limited supply to meet the growing demand, and this means that the price of these resources will surge sooner or later.

雅思写作中的论证方法四

一.举例论证

举例论证是最有利于增强论述的可靠性与说服力的方法,同时,也是考官建议考生使用的。在雅思考题下方总会有这样一句话:“Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.”

1. 常见表达方式

关联词

优势:关联词能够较为方便的引出例子,主要是因为用这种方法引出的例子多是独立的句子,语法上的束缚少些。

关联词:as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, specifically, to illustrate, to demonstrate.

句型

优势:句型引出例子,能够保证表达的书面度与学术性。但是在使用时,考生需要特别注意语法正确。

句型:A good case in point is that ….

A typical example can be found in ….

Take … for example.

…, which may include ….

2. 使用注意事项

选择典型的例子

在明确引出例子的方法后,考生应当重视例子本身的质量。这里主要是指保证例子的典型性与普遍性,举例自己的家庭不如举例一类家庭,举例自己的国家不如举例一类国家。个别的现象,非主流的观点是不具备说服力的。

议论列举的例子

举例子,在说明文中使用也很普遍。但是,议论文中的举例与说明文中的举例是不同的。议论文在举例过程中需要考生有适当的议论或是评价,而不是机械呆板的说明情况。

控制例子的字数

举例子,在记叙文中使用也很广泛,一篇记叙文几乎就是在讲一个故事或经历。但是,议论文的例子万万不可这么长篇大论的写,一个论点的例子应控制在一句话左右,有时甚至只需一个名词短语就可以完成。

3. 范例评析

剑桥雅思考试全真试题6 Test B 考官范文选段

Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction. Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is an important part of a child’s development that cannot be provided by a computer.

点评:考官这段对“使用电脑给孩子带来危害”的议论,用“such as”直接引出使用电脑的目的“getting information or emailing friends”。并且在举例的同时就评价说“it is no substitute for human interaction”,使用电脑与他人交流不能代替面对面的互动。并且进一步议论说“Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences”,在真实的环境而非虚拟的环境与同伴相处是孩子成长所必须的,电脑无法胜任。正所谓,举例言简意赅,议论及时深刻。

二.因果论证

因果论证是考生普遍反映比较容易上手且使用范围广泛的论证方法。它的正确使用能够大幅提高论述的逻辑性与连贯度,体现考生的缜密思维。

1. 常见表达方式

关联词

优势:关联词能够较为方便的引出结果,因为这种方法引出的多是独立的句子表达,语法上的束缚少一些。

关联词:therefore, hence, thus, as a result, consequently, interestingly, fortunately, unfortunately, surprisingly, unsurprisingly.

句型

优势:句型引出原因或结果,能够保证表达的书面度与学术性。但是在使用时,考生需要特别注意语法正确。

句型: Due to/ owing to/ because of /thanks to…, …

As /since/because…, …

The reason why … is that …

… be related/linked to …

… be associated/connected with …

… contribute to/ give rise to …

2. 使用注意事项

主观与客观相结合

在分析原因时,不仅要关注客观原因,比如经济不景气,工作经验少等人或事本身具有的属性或特点,还应当考虑从主观方面着手,比如有的大学毕业生眼高手低好高骛远,大众想要有更舒适的生活等人的意识或精神。

积极与消极相结合

在引出结果时,考生不仅需要关注原因引发的积极结果,有时也可以根据自己的需要论述它所引发的消极结果。特别是在应对讨论式的观点题时,这种思想体现的最为明显。

3. 范例评析

剑桥雅思考试全真试题6 Test 2 考官范文选段

Those who feel that sports star’s salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent is very few, and the money is recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.

点评:考官从体育奇才数量少“The number of professionals with real talent is very few”, 竞争强度大“Competition is constant”, 训练时间长“A player is tested every time”, 体育生涯短“relatively short career”, 媒体关注度高、压力大“the pressure from the media”, 隐私基本得不到保护“little privacy out of the spotlight”多方面论证“体育明星的高收入是合理的”。正所谓,分析原因层层深入,得出结论水到渠成。

三.对比论证

对比论证的方法,主要适用于考题中出现两个对象比较的情况。从操作性上看,对比论证较为方便。论证对比的角度,只需从考题中的两个对象入手即可。

1. 常见表达方式

关联词

In contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, just as, similarly

句型

Compared with …, …

While/whereas…, …

形容词的比较级

在不同的考题中,如果出现两个对象的比较,一般在对比论证中都会有一些形容词的比较级出现。考生应根据不同的话题选择不同的词汇。

2. 范例评析

剑桥雅思考试全真试题8 Test 2

题目:Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

考官范文选段:

However, learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school, children will experience working and living with people from whole variety of backgrounds for the wider society. This experience should teach them how to cooperate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community.

点评:这道题的主题为“孩子社会意识的教育与培养是靠家庭还是靠学校”。考官在论证学校的教育义务时,着重强调了:相比较家庭,“teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home”。学校中的老师和同学对孩子社会意识的培养有相同的影响力。而且,在学校相比较在家,“experience working and living with people from whole variety of backgrounds for the wider society”。孩子接触的世界更大,人的类型更多。正所谓,公正合理两方面,对比论证出真知

四.引用论证

引用论证,是最为考验考生知识储备的一种论证方法。引用论证,一般引用名人名言﹑权威数据,研究成果﹑学术刊物,它能够增加论证的可信度和权威性。

但是,这种论证方法最容易被考生误用或滥用,很多考生没有知识储备就自己捏造一些名言或数据。最夸张的是有时所谓“名言”却出现语法错误,所谓“权威数据”却不合情理甚至荒谬。

因此,建议考生们在备考时适当准备几句名言警句,如果能在考试中用上比较好,如果不能那就使用前面介绍的几种论证方法。但是,对于知识面较广,语言水平较高的考生,完全可以使用引用论证,这样不仅能增强论证的权威感也能展现自己的优势。

1. 常见表达方式

According to a recent study, according to a recent article published in …, according to a recent survey conducted by…,

A recent study/survey found that…

A recent opinion poll revealed that …

2. 范例评析

剑桥雅思考试全真试题5 Test4

题目: Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Which do you consider to be the major influence?

考官范文选段:

Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual’s life.

点评:这道题的主题是“先天还是后天决定人的性格和发展”,考官的这段论证主要是证明先天的影响更大些,引用了一个有关双胞胎的研究。对研究发现的引用使得第一句的论点没有那么苍白无力。但是,通过翻看剑桥系列丛书,不难发现引用论证在考官的范文中的使用可以用“基本罕见”来形容。引用论证用得少,粗制滥造没必要。

五.总结论证

实际上,总结论证是解决论证过程中“无话可说”的应急策略。它的位置一定是放在正文段的最后一句,总结整个段落的内容。虽然这种方法有一定作用,但并不建议考生多用,一篇文章用一次就足以了,用多了就会产生凑字数的嫌疑。

1. 常见表达方式

It can be concluded that …

It is little wondering that…

There is no exaggeration that …

It is logical to conclude that …

It is no exaggeration to say that …

2. 范例评析

剑桥雅思考试全真试题6 Test B

题目: Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Do you agree or disagree?

考官范文选段:

In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied. Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today. Therefore, it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.

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